Dilation and curettage (D&C) is a gynaecological procedure during which part or all of the uterine lining (endometrium) is removed. The procedure is performed for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Diagnostic D&C allows tissue from the endometrium to be examined under a microscope, helping establish an accurate diagnosis for conditions such as abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial polyps, or tumours. Therapeutic D&C is commonly used to clear the uterine cavity after a miscarriage or a missed miscarriage, or to treat severe, prolonged uterine bleeding. It may also help remove a thickened endometrial lining, allowing a healthy new lining to regenerate. D&C is a common and generally safe procedure that plays an important role in both diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive gynaecological procedure that allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity using a thin camera-equipped instrument called a hysteroscope. It is primarily performed to diagnose abnormalities within the uterus, including abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, or suspected intrauterine lesions. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a safe and effective method for evaluating the uterine cavity and enables the physician to establish an accurate diagnosis, facilitating the selection of the most appropriate treatment.

Diagnostic laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to directly examine the abdominal cavity and pelvic organs when the cause of symptoms cannot be clearly determined through imaging studies. During the procedure, a laparoscope (a thin camera-equipped instrument) is inserted through several small incisions, allowing the surgeon to inspect the organs directly and, if necessary, obtain tissue samples for histological examination. The procedure is commonly used in the evaluation of abdominal or pelvic pain, endometriosis, adhesions, infertility, and suspected tumours. Recovery is generally faster than after traditional open surgery, with most patients returning to their normal daily activities within a few days and achieving full recovery within 1–2 weeks.

Operative laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to perform operations within the abdominal cavity or pelvis through small incisions using specialized instruments. During surgery, the surgeon inserts a laparoscope and other surgical instruments to perform procedures such as gallbladder removal, hernia repair, ovarian cyst removal, treatment of endometriosis, or adhesiolysis without the need for a large abdominal incision. Benefits include reduced surgical trauma, less postoperative pain, a shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. Recovery time depends on the type and extent of surgery, but most patients can resume their normal activities within a few days to several weeks.

Hysteroscopic fibroid removal is a minimally invasive gynaecological procedure used to remove benign uterine muscle tumours (submucosal fibroids) that protrude into the uterine cavity. During the procedure, the surgeon inserts a hysteroscope through the vagina and cervix into the uterus, allowing the fibroid to be removed under direct visualization without external incisions. The surgery is performed to relieve abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic symptoms, pain, or fertility problems. In the case of larger fibroids, treatment may need to be completed in more than one stage. Recovery is generally rapid, with most patients returning to normal daily activities within a few days, while complete recovery usually takes 1–2 weeks.

Hysteroscopic polypectomy is a minimally invasive gynaecological procedure performed to remove polyps arising from the endometrial lining. During the operation, a hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity, allowing polyps to be removed under direct vision without external incisions. The procedure aims to treat abnormal uterine bleeding, lower abdominal symptoms, and fertility problems, while also providing tissue for histopathological examination. The procedure is typically brief, and most patients are discharged on the same day. Recovery is rapid, with a return to normal activities usually possible within a few days.

Hysteroscopic septum and small fibroid removal is a minimally invasive gynaecological procedure used to correct a congenital uterine septum and remove small submucosal fibroids protruding into the uterine cavity. During the procedure, the surgeon inserts a hysteroscope through the vagina and cervix, allowing both the uterine septum to be divided and the fibroid to be removed under direct visualization without external incisions. The procedure is performed to treat abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic symptoms, infertility, and recurrent miscarriage. It is typically carried out as a day-case procedure. Recovery is generally rapid, with most patients returning to normal activities within a few days, while complete recovery usually takes 1–2 weeks.

Labiaplasty is a gynaecological plastic surgery procedure designed to correct the size, shape, or symmetry of the labia minora. It may be performed for cosmetic reasons or to relieve symptoms caused by enlarged or asymmetrical labia, such as irritation, pain, discomfort during sports, hygiene difficulties, or discomfort during sexual intercourse. During the procedure, excess tissue is removed, and the labia are reshaped to achieve a more anatomical appearance. Surgery is typically performed under local or general anaesthesia. Recovery usually takes several weeks, during which careful hygiene, avoidance of strenuous physical activity, and temporary abstinence from sexual intercourse are recommended. Final cosmetic and functional results generally develop over the course of several months.

Loop conization is a gynaecological procedure commonly performed to remove abnormal cervical tissue. It is widely used for both the diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cervical cell changes), particularly to prevent the progression to cervical cancer. The excised tissue is examined histologically to determine the extent of abnormal changes. Loop conization is an important and effective treatment for cervical dysplasia and early precancerous lesions, helping to prevent disease progression while ensuring that patients receive appropriate treatment.

Anterior and posterior vaginal wall repair (anterior and posterior colporrhaphy) comprises gynaecological surgical procedures designed to strengthen and reconstruct the vaginal walls. These operations are commonly performed to treat pelvic organ prolapse and other conditions resulting from weakened or damaged vaginal support structures. In vaginal prolapse, weakened vaginal walls allow organs such as the bladder or rectum to bulge into the vagina, often causing pain, discomfort, and in some cases urinary incontinence. Anterior colporrhaphy is performed to repair bladder prolapse (cystocele), while posterior colporrhaphy corrects rectal prolapse into the vagina (rectocele). These procedures effectively restore support to the vaginal walls, significantly improving quality of life and reducing prolapse-related symptoms.

A punch biopsy is a minor diagnostic surgical procedure in which a small sample of skin or mucosal tissue is removed using a circular biopsy instrument (punch) for histopathological examination. It is typically performed when an accurate diagnosis is required for skin lesions, moles, inflammatory conditions, or suspected tumours. The procedure is usually carried out under local anaesthesia and takes only a few minutes. If necessary, the biopsy site is closed with one or two stitches. Healing generally occurs within 1–2 weeks, and the pathology results help guide further treatment.

A spirál (IUD) eltávolítás egy olyan orvosi eljárás, amelyet akkor végeznek, amikor a spirál kivétele szükséges, és az altatás alkalmazása indokolt. A spirál eltávolítás egy egyszerű, ambuláns beavatkozás, amelyet helyi érzéstelenítéssel is végre lehet hajtani. Az eljárás akkor történik altatásban, ha a páciens nem tudja tolerálni a helyi érzéstelenítést, vagy ha komplikált esetek állnak fenn. Az altatásos műtét lehetőséget ad arra, hogy a páciens kényelmesebben és fájdalommentesebben élje meg a beavatkozást. Az eljárást követően fontos, hogy a páciens kövesse az orvosi utasításokat a gyors és zökkenőmentes felépülés érdekében.